Furthermore political participation is the act by which citizens express their opinions on in public affairs. It is civil liberties, freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of manifestation. The political parties, groups Interest and other forms of collective mobilization are as the main modes of political participation. The term political party conveys different meaning to different people that are reflected in their definitions. In one-party states, the law allows only one party, that of government. It can sometimes tolerate the presence of minority parties if they accept the dominance of the ruling party. 1-3-1 mobilizing the electorate: the first role of political parties is to make a linkage between citizen and the government. To channel the vote toward the nominees the major parties is an organizational task of herculean proportions. the power of the parties to mobilize the electorate is based in large part on the commitment most voters maintain to one or other parties. So effective if the parties' hold on some voters that the substantial proportion of the electorate knows how it will cast its vote in the election even the candidates are announced. Political parties and electoral systems are the most important things in every democracy. Democracy cannot survive if the political system not based on democratic political parties. So In order to be considered as a democratic, the countries need to have political parties and an electoral system. The variations in the number of political parties and types of electoral systems found throughout the world leads one to wonder whether there is an ideal combination of the two that increases democracy. Are there an ideal number of parties that a country should try to foster? Does the choice of an electoral system have consequences beyond the electing of officials? (Amanda l Hoffman) "a body of men united, for promoting by their joint endeavors the national interest, upon some particular principal in which they are all agreed" Edmund Burke, emphasize the ideological goals of parties. A group of persons share the same ideas policies, or an organization serves the citizen. The existence of political parties allows a structuring politics by offering voters choices. The existence of different political parties has many advantages. The citizens of our country can experiment with the different parties alternately. They give chance to one party with a set of programs. They can see whether these political parties are doing good work for the country. After some times they try another party with another set of programs and see how far these are superior to their predecessors. In the election of 2014, B.J.P got the majority and formed the central Government under the leadership of Shri Narendra Modi. Political parties in Indian Democracy grow up the as spokesman of organized interests. Thus, a Political party system in India is an organization of like minded people based together either to preserve and promote group interests or to promote a particular ideology. Usually every party seeks to promote some particular interest and ideology. The political party constantly seeks to capture governmental powers to secure its ends. In a democracy, the party gets into power through elections. The main function of political parties is to ensure a two-way communication system between the government and public. Public opinion has long been of vital importance to democratic governance. And political parties, under this circumstance examples of essays mla format, act as a bridge between government and public. Public opinions would be collected by political parties. Different viewpoints from the public would be delivered to the government after the integration of opinion and moderation of differences by political parties. As a result, different people can be brought together so that they can compromise and reach a consensus for policy making, which in turn create a more democratic and harmonious society. In addition, it may discourage independent or third-party candidates due to low winning chances in elections. For example, in the U.S. people have tried to set up others parties, such as the Green Party. Ralph Nader, a person who was not from the two major parties, was one of the president candidate in 2004 election. However, candidates like him simply have no chance of winning in the election, so it is hard for them to survive. Under this circumstance, in long term, new political ideas and opportunities of participation may be limited phd thesis dissertation to write, as the major parties may be too stuck in their ways, affecting policy-making quality. Integration of different new groups into political system can also be done by political parties, especially for integrative parties, which attempt to mobilize, inspire and educate the public instead of only responding to public concerns. Political parties usually welcome new groups join in and provide them support by giving them educational opportunities short essay on a good friend, welfare benefits and so on. In doing so, members of the group may feel represented, thus develop a sense of belonging and loyalty to the political system. The U.K. Labour Party and German Social Democratic Party would be related examples. Labours in the above parties are integrated successfully into the political system and learnt to strive for their needs by democratic rules. On the contrary to countries where integration of working class into the political system was failed, radical movements might easily be resulted. The last type is dominate non-authoritarian party system. This system exists with only one strong party. Even though other parties are permitted to exist in the country essay about being yourself, they are not strong enough to challenge or compete with the dominant political party for power. As a result, practically, there is only one party in power. Take the example of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a system called 'multi-party cooperation under the Chinese Communist Party's leadership' has been developed. That is, there are at present eight so-called democratic parties in China apart from the Communist Party. However an essay is how many paragraphs, these eight other political parties, such as China Democratic League, China Association for Promoting Democracy and Jiu San Society in the PRC are only under the leadership of the Communist Party. At the end, the only party that matters and gains the power is the Communist Party. Apart from the one-party system my attitude essays, two-party system is adopted by some countries nowadays as well. It is a competitive system with two major political parties dominating the system and competing for power. Other political parties are allowed to exist under the two-party system, but they are not strong enough to challenge the two large ad well-supported parties under most situations. Usually, the two dominant parties hold equal power, having an equal chance to win the general election depending on their previous performance. The United States of America is one of the countries adopting the two-party system, which the Republican and Democrats are the major two parties in the country. In modern societies, political parties seem to be an indispensable part in almost every country. A political party is a group of people organized to seek influence in government policy and for the purpose of winning government power fax cover letter for resume, by nominating their candidates in electoral and other means. In a democratic society, a political party is on the input side of a political system, that is, the demands and interests of the people are collected from political parties and analyzed by the government before any policy decision is made. As a result, members can be politically conscious and get more involved in politics. Political parties can also be the training grounds for leaders through political socialization. As a result, citizens can be represented by the educated officials and democracy can be achieved by bringing public opinion in the government. To conclude, each political system has its own political consequences, with merits or demerits. In modern democratic society, checks and balances are of certain importance in the government and any political system. Therefore, one-party system may not be preferable for a country's governance. For two-party system and multi-party system, it is hard to conclude which is better, and there has been even a middle ground version of these two systems- two-plus party systems. But anyway, as long as parties can effectively use their power and represent public opinion, a stable and moderate party system can be established. And this, in long run, can make democracy possible. However, this system is often criticized to be unstable. As there are many different political parties holding different political platform, values are extremely diverse, they may not be able to keep government in power for long. Germany Parliamentary election educational thesis statement examples, with parties having extreme diverse values, in September 2005 showed as an example of unstable multi-party system. Besides, Italy and Israel, with multi-party system, has had years of diverse politics. And the coalition government under the system is inherently unstable a cover letter for phd position, since when a party withdraws from the coalition due to internal conflicts, the government will no longer enjoy majority support from the legislature. Instability, to both the government and citizens, is non-beneficial. In long-run, citizens may lose confidence in governance. Though media age may have doomed, in part, brand of party activism; yet parties today still could play a momentous role. Parties will have to make themselves useful to the political process in order to become important political players. Officeholders and candidates could lend a hand by recognizing the worth of parties and working to strengthen them. There is increasing evidence in support of the declining importance of political parties (Johnston, 2005). In a two-party system writing a medical paper, typically, one of the two parties holds a greater part in the legislature and is usually known as the 'majority party'; while the other is the minority party. Though the expression two-party system is somewhat inaccurate and means different things in different countries, there is extensive agreement that when election results show time and again that all or nearly all elected executives belong to only one of the two major parties, the system is said to be of a two-party nature, as in the case of United States of America. In such a case, the chances for a third party candidate to win election to any office are far-flung. As to the question, that why two major parties have dominated the political landscape in some systems, there are several reasons. In the U.S, the reasons are various and diverse, though interlinked: (i) the historical foundations of the two party system; (ii) the winner-take-all electoral system; (iii) political socialization and practical considerations; and (iv) state and federal laws favoring the two party system. According to several views, historical encounter in the U.S. between federalists and anti-federalists also helped in contributing to America's two-party system (Aldrich, 1995). This is from where the expression 'Party Era' comes from. A party era refers to the period between two elections, during which two parties are assessed with regard to how powerful they are comparative to each other; that is actually a span of time during which there is one dominant majority party that gains victory in all elections. To provide a way for the direction and organization of the struggle for political power is the most important function of political parties. Issues are publicized and candidates are nominated through political parties. After an election, the winning party takes over the government is this essay plagiarized, while the minority party assists to keep the public updated about governmental actions. This is how; it serves as the protector of public interest in opposition to arbitrary assumption of power. However, the American electoral system also permits the divided control of the government by different parties (Keefe & Hetherington, 2003). It is clear through employing the above, or part of above methods, that parties have long been in decline, superseded by media, interest groups, money, and candidate-centered politics. The party platform, which was at one time the fulcrum of immensely important national debates, barely matters today. And, ironically, some of the very reforms that progressives devised to authorize ordinary people, clean up politics, and buffer the excesses of a market economy have weakened parties. The third role played by political parties is to provide important information to citizens. Political parties through their elected members make policies and legislations in a country. It is therefore the duty of political parties to inform citizens of various policies and regulations in a country. This can be achieved through briefing citizens on certain policies, regulations, government plans and any other matter of national interest. This role ensures that citizens are aware of all the important government and political operations in the country.
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